Endnotes and Acronyms

• ¹ Sven Beiker, Fredrik Hansson, Anders Suneson and Michael Uhl, “How the Convergence of Automotive and Tech Will Create a New Ecosystem,” McKinsey & Company, November 2016, https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/automotive-and-assembly/our-insights/how-the-convergence-of-automotive-and-tech-will-create-a-new-ecosystem.
• ² Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser, “Urbanization,” Our World in Data, November 2019, https://ourworldindata.org/urbanization.
• ³ The United States Census Bureau, “New Census Data Show Differences Between Urban and Rural Populations,” December 8, 2016, https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2016/cb16-210.html.
• ⁴ BloombergNEF, Electric Vehicle Outlook 2019, accessed December 12, 2019, https://about.bnef.com/electric-vehicle-outlook/#toc-viewreport.
• ⁵ Sarwant Singh, “Your Next Car Could Be A Flexible Subscription Model,” Forbes, July 30, 2018, https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarwantsingh/2018/07/30/your-next-car-could-be-a-flexible-subscription-model/#1a886f1e4ffa.
• ⁶ Henk Bekker, “2018 (Full Year) International: Worldwide Car Sales and Global Market Analysis,” Car Sales Statistics, February 23, 2019, https://www.best-selling-cars.com/global/2018-full-year-international-worldwide-car-sales-and-global-market-analysis/.
• ⁷ IHS Markit Online Newsroom, “Artificial Intelligence Systems for Autonomous Driving on the Rise, IHS Says,” last modified June 13, 2016, https://news.ihsmarkit.com/press-release/artificial-intelligence-systems-autonomous-driving-rise-ihs-says.
• ⁸ Alliance to End Plastic Waste, “Plastic Waste and the Circular Economy,” August 15, 2019, https://endplasticwaste.org/latest/plastic-waste-and-the-circular-economy/.
• ⁹ Plastics Industry Association, Plastics Market Watch Watching: Transportation, February 2019, https://access.plasticsindustry.org/ItemDetail?iProductCode=PMW_011&Category=PUBLICATIO.
• ¹⁰ National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, “U.S. Department of Transportation Releases ‘Preparing for the Future of Transportation: Automated Vehicles 3.0’,” October 4, 2018, https://www.nhtsa.gov/press-releases/us-department-transportation-releases-preparing-future-transportation-automated.
• ¹¹ Environmental Protection Agency, Midterm Evaluation of National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s 2025 Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards (81 FR 87927).
• ¹² BloombergNEF, Electric Vehicle Outlook 2019, accessed December 12, 2019, https://about.bnef.com/electric-vehicle-outlook/#toc-viewreport.
• ¹³ IHS Markit Online Newsroom, “The Future of Cars 2040: Miles Traveled Will Soar While Sales of New Vehicles Will Slow, New IHS Markit Study Says,” last modified December 12, 2019, https://news.ihsmarkit.com/press-release/energy-power-media/future-cars-2040-miles-traveled-will-soar-while-sales-new-vehicles-.
• ¹⁴ Rani Molla, “Americans Seem to like Ride-Sharing Services like Uber and Lyft. But It’s Hard to Say Exactly How Many Use Them,” Vox, last modified June 24, 2018, https://www.vox.com/2018/6/24/17493338/ride-sharing-services-uber-lyft-how-many-people-use.
• ¹⁵ Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, “Lightweight Materials for Cars and Trucks,” accessed December 12, 2019, https://www.energy.gov/eere/vehicles/lightweight-materials-cars-and-trucks.
• ¹⁶ Moxa, “Securing Interconnected Traffic Signal Communications,” accessed December 12, 2019, https://www.moxa.com/en/case-studies/secure-interconnected-traffic-signal-communications.
• ¹⁷ Kami Bucholz, “GM Turns to Carbon Fiber for 2019 GMC Sierra Pickup Bed,” SAE International, March 20, 2018, https://www.sae.org/news/2018/03/carbon-fiber-cargo-box-for-2019-gmc-sierra.
• ¹⁸ American Chemistry Council, Economic & Statistics Department, Economic Impact of Advanced Plastics Recycling And Recovery Facilities in the U.S., February 2019, https://plastics.americanchemistry.com/Economic-Impact-of-Advanced-Plastics-Recycling-and-Recovery-Facilities-in-the-United-States.pdf.
• ¹⁹ National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, “USDOT Releases 2016 Fatal Traffic Crash Data,” October 6, 2017, https://www.nhtsa.gov/press-releases/usdot-releases-2016-fatal-traffic-crash-data.
• ²⁰ National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, High-Performance Computing Studies, April 2017, https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.dot.gov/files/documents/812404_computingstudiesreport_v2_0.pdf.
• ²¹ William Diem, “Banking on Composites,” WardsAuto, June 1, 2005, https://www.wardsauto.com/news-analysis/banking-composites.
• ²² Matthew Beecham, “Covestro on Polycarbonate Solutions for Mobility Concepts,” just-auto, May 31, 2018, https://www.just-auto.com/interview/covestro-on-polycarbonate-solutions-for-mobility-concepts_id182766.aspx.
• ²³ Plastics Industry Association, Plastics Market Watch Watching: Transportation, February 2019, https://access.plasticsindustry.org/ItemDetail?iProductCode=PMW_011&Category=PUBLICATIO.
• ²⁴ Matthew Beecham, “Covestro on Polycarbonate Solutions for Mobility Concepts,” just-auto, May 31, 2018, https://www.just-auto.com/interview/covestro-on-polycarbonate-solutions-for-mobility-concepts_id182766.aspx.
• ²⁵ Ibid.
• ²⁶ Ellen MacArthur Foundation, Scaling Recycled Plastics across Industries, March 2017, https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/assets/downloads/ce100/Scaling-Recycled-Plastics-across-Industries.pdf.
• ²⁷ American Chemistry Council, Trucost, Plastics and Sustainability: A Valuation of Environmental Benefits, Costs and Opportunities for Continuous Improvement, July 2016, https://www.automotiveplastics.com/wp-content/uploads/ACC-Trucost-report-Auto-page-11-July-2016.compressed-1.pdf.
• ²⁸ Ibid.
• ²⁹ World Economic Forum, The New Plastics Economy: Rethinking the Future of Plastics,” January 2016, http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_The_New_Plastics_Economy.pdf.
• ³⁰ Ellen MacArthur Foundation, Scaling Recycled Plastics across Industries, March 2017, https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/assets/downloads/ce100/Scaling-Recycled-Plastics-across-Industries.pdf.
• ³¹ Vivek Srivastava and Rajeev Srivastava, “Advances in Automotive Polymer Applications and Recycling,” International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 2, no. 3 (March 2013): 744-746, http://www.ijirset.com/upload/march/36_Advances%20in.pdf.
• ³² American Chemistry Council, Economic & Statistics Department, Economic Impact of Advanced Plastics Recycling And Recovery Facilities in the U.S., February 2019, https://plastics.americanchemistry.com/Economic-Impact-of-Advanced-Plastics-Recycling-and-Recovery-Facilities-in-the-United-States.pdf.
• ³³ The Boston Consulting Group, The Electric Car Tipping Point: The Future of Powertrains for Owned and Shared Mobility, January 2018, http://www.umtri.umich.edu/sites/default/files/Xavier.Mosquet.BCG_.Marketing.Powertrains.2018.pdf.
• ³⁴ Plastics Industry Association, Plastics Market Watch Watching: Transportation, February 2019, https://access.plasticsindustry.org/ItemDetail?iProductCode=PMW_011&Category=PUBLICATIO.
• ³⁵ Plastics Car Blog, “PHEV Battery Pack,” December 21, 2015, https://plasticscar.blogspot.com/2015/12/phev-battery-pack.html.
• ³⁶ Plastics Industry Association, Plastics Market Watch Watching: Transportation, February 2019, https://access.plasticsindustry.org/ItemDetail?iProductCode=PMW_011&Category=PUBLICATIO.
• ³⁷ Ibid.
• ³⁸ Deloitte, Making the Future of Mobility: Chemicals and Specialty Materials in Electric, Autonomous, and Shared Vehicles, 2018, https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/ru/Documents/energy-resources/chemicals-advanced-material-systems-en.pdf.
• ³⁹ “New Automotive Fabrics with Anti-odour and Antimicrobial Properties,” Sustainable Automotive Technologies 2012: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference, January 2012, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24145-1_12.
• ⁴⁰ Shashank Modi, Adela Spulber, and Justin Jin, Impact of Automated, Connected, Electric, and Shared (ACES) Vehicles on Design, Materials, Manufacturing, and Business Models, Center for Automotive Research, 2018, https://www.cargroup.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Impact-of-ACES.pdf.
• ⁴¹ Cynthia Cole, “Guide for Low Cost Design and Manufacturing of Composite General Aviation Aircraft,” Advanced General Aviation Transportation Experiment, March 1, 2002, https://www.niar.wichita.edu/agate/Documents/Advanced%20Manufacturing/WP3.1-031200-130.pdf.
• ⁴² Plastics Industry Association, “Automotive Recycling: Devalued is now Revalued,” Plastics Market Watch, Spring 2016, https://access.plasticsindustry.org/ItemDetail?iProductCode=PMW005&Category=PUBLICATIO.
• ⁴³ Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, “Lightweight Materials for Cars and Trucks,” accessed December 12, 2019, https://www.energy.gov/eere/vehicles/lightweight-materials-cars-and-trucks.
• ⁴⁴ Saudi Basic Industries Corporation, “Automotive Roofs in LexanTM Polycarbonate Resin,” May 2019, https://www.cargroup.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/SABIC.pdf.
• ⁴⁵ Plastics Industry Association, Plastics Market Watch Watching: Transportation, February 2019, https://access.plasticsindustry.org/ItemDetail?iProductCode=PMW_011&Category=PUBLICATIO.
• ⁴⁶ Dry Composites, “BMW i3: First Mass Produced Composite Car in Production,” last modified October 3, 2013, http://www.drycomposites.com/bmw-i3-first-mass-produced-composite-car-in-production.

Acronyms